Annex Publishers

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that influences how children communicate, interact so cially, and manage everyday behaviors. Although every child on the spectrum shows a different mix of strengths and chal lenges, certain patterns tend to appear reduced social reciprocity, unusual sensory responses, and, quite often, delays in language or motor skills. These characteristics seem to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, along with autoimmune and perinatal influences. At present, ASD affects about 1 in 44 children [1] The broader spectrum still includes what were once separate diagnoses, such as Asperger’s syndrome, PDD-NOS, Rett syndrome, and Childhood Disintegrative Di sorder [2]. Motor-related differences are frequently among the earliest signs. Children may have trouble with coordination or maintaining balance, and tasks that involve fine motor control can be more demanding than expected for their age (Bhat et al., 2011; Staples & Reid, 2010). Many also face challenges in imitation or praxis; copying a movement, judging spatial placement, or learning a new motor sequence may take more time or effort. Since these skills underpin everyday functioning and many social exchanges, such difficulties can limit both peer interaction and independence in daily life [3]. Added to this, sleep disturbances and gastrointestinal problems are common and can intensify emotional and behavioral challenges (Miano et al., 2007; Rao et al., 2008)

Background: HIV which targets the immune system leads to immunosuppression and thus the occurrence of several opportunistic diseases with tuberculosis being the rst and deadliest one. is leads to a high rate of co-infection and deaths worldwide. Despite the di erent diagnostic methods recommended by the WHO for the diagnosis of this co-infection state, possible errors in the individual diagnostic and lack of unique diagnostic methods of the co-infection state remain the principal causes of the high death rate worldwide. Facing this challenge, the research of novel speci c biomarkers for HIV Tuberculosis co-infection for this diagnosis remains urgent. e molecular basis for pathogen synergy that can be used to diagnose HIV-TB coinfection, however, is not clearly de ned. Researchers have directed this challenge on a Host-dependent area rather than a pathogen dependent route as usually done. is was orientated on RNAs constituent of the body also called Transcriptome. is study aimed at investigating Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA-p21 and Long Non-Coding RNA NEAT-1 and their target cytokines Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 mRNA respectively as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of HIV-Tuberculosis coinfection. e study was done over a period of 08 months subdivided into sample collection and analysis respectively at LAQUINTINIE Hospital and LANAVET DOUALA respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed on whole blood samples to detect the relative expression of LincRNA-p21, NEAT 1, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA in healthy controls, TB-positive patients, HIV-positive patients and HIV-Tuberculosis coinfected patients and ROC curve analysis was used to investigate their discriminatory and biomarker potentials.

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. [Cardus marianus (L.)] is an invasive plant indigenous to the Mediterranean region. It has many synonyms, varying according to geographical localities, such as St. Mary's thistle, Milk thistle, Blessed thistle, Holy thistle, and in Arabic countries, it`s known as Akub, Harshaarri, Shoakennassara, Shoakeddimen, Shoaksennari, and Shoak el-gamal. The plant is an edible herb, native to the Mediterranean area, grown throughout Europe and naturalised in North and South America, with a long history in folk medicine. Since ancient times, it has been identied for snake bites, amanita poisoning, and liver disorders. It has been intensively investigated from the chemical and biological points of view. The chemical investigation led to the isolation and identication of a series of dihydroanonolignans (thirteen compounds) collectively known as silymarin. A survey of the biological investigation has indicated that Silybum has antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inammatory, antihepatotoxic, hepatitis, immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, antiproliferative and anticancer (human prostate carcinoma, the ovarian cells carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma), antiobesity, antihyperlipidemic, diabetes mellitus, hyperprolactinemic (galactogenic), nephroprotective, neuroprotective, anti-amnesia, anti melasma, and antifungal effects.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation is a critical step in clinical nephrology and has important implications in clinical practice, but also in the field of epidemiology and prevention [1-4]. The measurement of GFR by a so-called reference tech nique remains fundamental but limited to specialized centers [1,5,6]. The definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is based, among other things, on the level of GFR and requires that it can be quickly and easily estimated [7]. In clinical practice, com monly used formulas