Variables |
Undernutrition |
OR |
CI95% |
p |
Gender |
|
|
|
|
Male*(103) |
26 (25.24) |
1 |
|
|
Female (168) |
58 (34.52) |
1.56 |
0.90-2.69 |
0.110 |
Age |
|
|
|
|
Under 70*(152) |
35 (23.03) |
1 |
|
|
70-80 (89) |
30 (33.71) |
1.69 |
0.95-3.03 |
|
Over 80 (30) |
19 (63.33) |
5.77 |
2.51-13.28 |
0.000 |
Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
Fon* (182) |
52 (28.57) |
1 |
|
|
Other (89) |
32 (35.96) |
1.18 |
0.90-1.55 |
0.218 |
Marital Status |
|
|
|
|
Married* (123) |
27 (21.95) |
1 |
|
|
Divorced (148) |
57 (38.51) |
2.22 |
1.29-3.82 |
0.004 |
Area of residence |
|
|
|
|
Urban* (84) |
36(42.86) |
1 |
|
|
Rural (187) |
48(25.67) |
0.46 |
0.26-0.79 |
0.005 |
Education |
|
|
|
|
No education (174) |
72 (41.38) |
12.35 |
2.87-53.00 |
0.001 |
Primary school (60) |
10 (16.67) |
3.2 |
0.72-16.96 |
0.120 |
Secondary school and above*(37) |
2 (5.71) |
1 |
|
|
Social isolation |
|
|
|
|
Yes (26) |
8 (30.77) |
0.98 |
0.41-2.37 |
0.970 |
No* (245) |
76 (31.02) |
1 |
|
|
Current occupation |
|
|
|
|
Retired*(25) |
1 (4) |
1 |
|
|
Farmer (27) |
11 (40.74) |
16.49 |
1.93-140.60 |
0.010 |
Trader (136) |
43 (31.62) |
11.09 |
1.45-84.72 |
0.020 |
Other (83) |
29 (34.94) |
12.88 |
1.65-100.18 |
0.015 |
Financial assistance |
|
|
|
|
Yes* (131) |
45 (34.35) |
1 |
|
|
No (140) |
39 (27.86) |
0.73 |
0.44-1.23 |
0.249 |
Monthly income (CFA Franc) |
|
|
|
|
> 40 000* (100) |
17 (17) |
1 |
|
|
< 40 000 (136) |
42 (30.88) |
2.18 |
1.15-4.12 |
0.016 |
No income (35) |
25 (71.43) |
12.20 |
4.96-20.02 |
0.000 |
*Referencecategoryforcomparison
Table 1: Sociodemographic, psychosocial and economic factors associated with undernutrition in people aged 60 years and over in the commune of Ouidah in 2020 (n=271)
Variables (n) |
Undernutrition |
OR |
CI95% |
p |
Taste impairment |
|
|
|
|
Yes (100) |
41 (41) |
2.06 |
1.22-3.50 |
0.007 |
No* (171) |
43 (25.15) |
1 |
|
|
Independence in eating |
|
|
|
|
Yes*(268) |
82 (30.60) |
1 |
|
|
No (3) |
2 (66.67) |
4.53 |
0.40-50.73 |
0.220 |
Surgical history |
|
|
|
|
Yes (30) |
4 (13.33) |
0.30 |
0.10-0.91 |
0.034 |
No* (241) |
80 (33.20) |
1 |
|
|
Medical history |
|
|
|
|
Yes (156) |
40 (25.64) |
0.55 |
0.33-0.93 |
0.027 |
No* (115) |
44 (38.26) |
1 |
|
|
Medication use |
|
|
|
|
Yes (151) |
51 (33.77) |
4.27 |
2.44-7.47 |
0.268 |
No*(120) |
33 (27.50) |
1 |
|
|
Decreased sensation of thirst |
|
|
|
|
Yes (106) |
29 (27.36) |
0.75 |
0.44-1.28 |
0.300 |
No*(165) |
55 (33.33) |
1 |
|
|
Difficulty chewing |
|
|
|
|
Yes (144) |
52 (36.11) |
1.67 |
0.99-2.83 |
0.054 |
No*(127) |
32 (25.20) |
1 |
|
|
Oral health |
|
|
|
|
Yes (174) |
55 (31.61) |
1.08 |
0.36-1.85 |
0.770 |
No*(97) |
29 (29.90) |
1 |
|
|
Digestive disorders |
|
|
|
|
None* (188) |
50 (26.60) |
1 |
|
|
Nausea/vomiting (11) |
9 (81.82) |
12.41 |
2.59-59.45 |
0.002 |
Constipation (63) |
20 (31.75) |
1.28 |
0.68-2.38 |
0.431 |
Diarrhoea (6) |
3 (50.00) |
2.76 |
0.53-14.12 |
0.223 |
Dysphagia (3) |
2 (66.67) |
5.51 |
0.48-62.21 |
0.167 |
Presence of illness in the last 30 days |
|
|
|
|
Yes (128) |
53 (41.41) |
2.55 |
1.50-4.34 |
0.001 |
No*(143) |
31 (21.68) |
1 |
|
|
*Referencecategoryforcomparison
Table 2: Dietary and medical factors associated with undernutrition among people aged 60 and over in the commune of Ouidah in 2020 (n=271)
Variables |
Undernutrition |
OR |
CI95% |
p |
Tobacco consumption |
|
|
|
|
Yes (9) |
2 (22.22) |
0.26 |
0.12-3.08 |
0.566 |
No* (262) |
82 (31.30) |
1 |
|
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
|
Yes (213) |
62 (29.11) |
0.67 |
0.36-1.23 |
0.199 |
No*(58) |
22 (37.93) |
1 |
|
|
Sun exposure |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (111) |
37 (33.33) |
1.66 |
0.61-4.50 |
0.314 |
Often (134) |
41 (30.60) |
1.46 |
0.54-3.92 |
0.443 |
Every day* (26) |
6 (23.08) |
1 |
|
|
Meal organisation |
|
|
|
|
3 meals per day*(215) |
70 (32.56) |
1 |
|
|
Less than 3 meals per day (56) |
14 (25.00) |
0.69 |
0.33-1.34 |
0.278 |
Physical activity |
|
|
|
|
Not very active*(107) |
33 (30.84) |
1 |
|
|
Sedentary (164) |
51 (31.10) |
1.01 |
0.59-1.71 |
0.964 |
Dietary restrictions |
|
|
|
|
Yes (104) |
52 (50.00) |
4.15 |
2.41-7.16 |
0.000 |
No*(165) |
32 (19.39) |
1 |
|
|
Dietary diversity |
|
|
|
|
Acceptable diet *(152) |
35 (23.03) |
1 |
|
|
Moderately acceptable diet (89) |
30 (33.71) |
1.69 |
0.95-3.03 |
0.073 |
Limited diet (30) |
19 (63.33) |
5.77 |
2.51-13.28 |
0.000 |
Anorexia |
|
|
|
|
Yes (164) |
74 (45.12) |
7.97 |
3.88-16.38 |
0.000 |
No*(107) |
10 (9.35) |
1 |
|
|
Advice on feeding older people |
|
|
|
|
Yes*(110) |
27 (24.55) |
1 |
|
|
No (159) |
56 (35.22) |
1.6 |
0.97-2.87 |
0.064 |
Nutritional knowledge |
|
|
|
|
Low (106) |
32 (30.19) |
0.93 |
0.55-1.59 |
0.818 |
High* (165) |
52 (31.52) |
1 |
|
|
Hand washing |
|
|
|
|
Yes* (233) |
76 (32.62) |
1 |
|
|
No (38) |
8 (21.05) |
0.55 |
0.24-1.25 |
0.157 |
Type of drinking water |
|
|
|
|
SONEB* (214) |
69 (32.24) |
1 |
|
|
Borehole (37) |
13 (35.14) |
1.13 |
0.54-2.36 |
0.729 |
Well (20) |
2 (10.00) |
0.23 |
0.05-1.03 |
0.055 |
*Referencecategoryforcomparison
Table 3a: Behavioural factors associated with undernutrition among people aged 60 and over in the commune of Ouidah in 2020 (n=271)
Variables |
Undernutrition |
OR |
CI95% |
p |
Frequency of consumption of protein-rich foods |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (3) |
1 (33.33) |
0.86 |
0.07-9.66 |
0.904 |
Several times a month (21) |
6 (28.57) |
0.68 |
0.25-1.85 |
0.461 |
Several times a week (51) |
5 (9.80) |
0.18 |
0.07-0.49 |
0.461 |
Every day (196) |
72 (36.73) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (5) |
3 (60.00) |
3.46 |
0.56-21.12 |
0.178 |
Several times a month (4) |
2 (50.00) |
2.30 |
0.31-16.67 |
0.407 |
Several times a week (4) |
1 (25.00) |
0.76 |
0.07-7.51 |
0.821 |
Every day* (258) |
78 (30.23) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of fibre- rich foods |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (22) |
10 (45.45) |
1.98 |
0.78-5.03 |
0.148 |
Several times a month (40) |
19 (47.50) |
2.15 |
1.02-4.51 |
0.042 |
Several times a week (94) |
21 (22.34) |
0.68 |
0.36-1.28 |
0.239 |
Every day (115) |
34 (29.57) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of calcium-rich foods |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (116) |
57 (49.14) |
7.60 |
3.34-17.28 |
0.000 |
Several times a month (84) |
19 (22.62) |
2.30 |
0.93-5.63 |
0.068 |
Every day (71) |
8 (11.27) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of foods rich in vitamin D |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (62) |
9 (14.52) |
0.22 |
0.10-0.48 |
0.000 |
Several times a month (58) |
10 (17.24) |
0.02 |
0.12-0.58 |
0.001 |
Every day (151) |
65 (43.05) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of foods rich in vitamin A |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (53) |
9 (16.98) |
0.31 |
0.14-0.67 |
0.003 |
Several times a month (57) |
11 (19.30) |
0.36 |
0.17-0.75 |
0.006 |
Every day (161) |
64 (39.75) |
1 |
|
|
Frequency of consumption of foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
|
|
Rarely (76) |
12 (15.79) |
0.21 |
0.10-0.08 |
0.000 |
Several times a month (61) |
9 (14.75) |
0.19 |
0.08-0.42 |
0.000 |
Every day (134) |
63 (47.01) |
1 |
|
|
*Referencecategoryforcomparison
Table 3b: Behavioural factors associated with undernutrition among people aged 60 and over in the commune of Ouidah in 2020. Bivariate analysis (n=271)
Factors |
OR |
CI95% |
p-value |
Current occupation |
|
|
|
Retired* |
1 |
|
|
Farmer |
53.62 |
5.54-518.34 |
0.001 |
Tradesman |
17.24 |
2.15-138.21 |
0.007 |
Other |
16.79 |
2.06-136.54 |
0.008 |
Area of residence |
|
|
|
Urban* |
1 |
|
|
Rural |
0.40 |
0.21-0.76 |
0.005 |
Anorexia |
|
|
|
Yes |
10.07 |
4.61-21.96 |
0.000 |
No* |
1 |
|
|
*Referencecategoryforcomparison
Table 4: Logistic regression. Final model. Factors associated with undernutrition among the elderly in May 2020 in the commune of Ouidah (n=271)