 |
Figure 1: CONSORT flow diagram |
|
Figure 1: CONSORT flow diagram |
|
All |
OCFS/CPS |
Other |
p-value |
Gender |
|
|
|
0.451 |
Female |
30(96.8) |
11(100) |
19(95) |
|
Other |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
0.090 |
Single |
8(25.8) |
1(9) |
7(35) |
|
Married |
19(61.3) |
10(91) |
9(45) |
|
Divorced |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
Living with significant other |
3(8.7) |
|
3(15) |
|
Household Income |
|
|
|
0.194 |
<$50,000 |
9(29) |
1(9) |
7(35) |
|
$50,000-99,999 |
14(45.2) |
6(55) |
8(40) |
|
>$100,000 |
8(25.8) |
4(36) |
4(20) |
|
Do not wish to provide |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
Race and Ethnicity |
|
|
|
0.609 |
American Indian or Alaskan |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
Native |
|
|
|
|
Black or African American |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
White/Caucasian |
28(90.3) |
11(100) |
17(85) |
|
Other |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5) |
|
Occupation Category |
|
|
|
|
OCFS/CPS† |
11(35.5) |
|
|
|
Other |
20(64.5) |
|
|
|
Social Worker Level* |
|
|
|
0.049 |
BS |
14(45.2) |
7(64) |
7(35) |
|
MS |
3(9.7) |
1(9) |
2(10) |
|
LMSW |
5(16.1) |
|
5(25) |
|
LCSW |
5(16.1) |
|
5(25) |
|
Other |
14(12.9) |
3(2) |
1( 5) |
|
Time Employed as Social Worker |
|
|
|
0.332 |
< 5 years |
10(32.3) |
5(45) |
8(40) |
|
≥ 5 years |
18(58.1) |
6(55) |
12(60) |
|
% Time Work on Cases in Office |
|
|
|
0.390 |
<50% |
11(35.5) |
5(45) |
6(30) |
|
≥50% |
30(64.5) |
6(55) |
14(70) |
|
% Time Work on Cases Out of Office |
|
|
|
0.664 |
<50% |
24(77.4) |
9(82) |
15(75) |
|
≥50% |
7(22.6) |
2(18) |
5(25) |
|
% Time in Direct Contact with Cases |
|
|
|
0.291 |
<50% |
13(42.0) |
6(55) |
7(35) |
|
≥50% |
18(58.1) |
5(45) |
13(65) |
|
*p < 0.05 between OCFS/CPS and Other
Table 1: Demographic and Job Characteristics of 31 case workers
|
All |
OCFS/CPS |
Other |
p-value†† |
Effect size |
|
|
|
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
|
|
||
Usual Daily Intake (mg/d) |
320.7 (218.9) |
340.9 (269.0) |
308.3 (189.5) |
0.704 |
|
||
|
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
|
|
||
Sources |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Soda |
14(45.2) |
6(54.5) |
8(4.00) |
0.436 |
|
||
Tea |
19(61.3) |
6(54.5) |
13(65.0) |
0.567 |
|
||
Coffee |
26(83.9) |
9(81.8) |
17(85.0) |
0.818 |
|
||
Energy Drinks |
3(9.7) |
1(9.1) |
2(10.0) |
0.935 |
|
||
Chocolate |
27(87.1) |
10(90.9) |
17(85.0) |
0.639 |
|
||
Excedrin |
12(38.7) |
5(45.5) |
7(35.0) |
0.567 |
|
||
No Doze |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5.0) |
0.451 |
|
||
Situations Consume Caffeine |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Playing video games |
3(9.7) |
2(18.2) |
1(5.0) |
0.235 |
|
||
Working towards a deadline |
21(67.7) |
7(63.6) |
14(70.0) |
0.717 |
|
||
Staying up late |
13(41.9) |
4(36.4) |
9(45.0) |
0.641 |
|
||
Performing normal routine after not enough sleep |
27(87.1)
|
8(72.7)
|
19(95.0)
|
0.077
|
|
||
Don’t drink during any of these* |
3(9.7) |
3(27.3) |
|
0.014 |
0.195 |
||
Reasons why |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Like the taste |
26(83.9) |
8(72.7) |
18(90.0) |
0.211 |
|
||
Want energy boost* |
24(77.4) |
6(54.5) |
18(90.0) |
0.024 |
0.165 |
||
Gives me a rush |
7(22.6) |
3(27.3) |
4(20.0) |
0.643 |
|
||
Helps me concentrate |
19(61.3) |
5(45.5) |
14(70.0) |
0.179 |
|
||
Helps me stay awake and alert* |
24(77.4) |
6(54.5) |
18(90.0) |
0.024 |
0.165 |
||
Helps my athletic performance |
1(3.2) |
|
1(5.0) |
0.451 |
|
||
Friends drink them a lot |
3(9.7) |
2(18.2) |
1(5.0) |
0.235 |
|
||
Fits my self-image |
3(9.7) |
1(9.1) |
2(10.0) |
0.935 |
|
||
Good for my health |
5(16.1) |
1(9.1) |
4(20.0) |
0.429 |
|
||
Reasons why not† |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Don’t like the taste* |
7(23.3) |
|
7(35.0) |
0.033 |
|
||
Makes me jittery** |
15(50.0) |
|
14(70.0) |
0.002 |
|
||
Gives me headaches* |
7(23.3) |
|
7(35.0) |
0.033 |
|
||
Don’t like the ‘crash’ after jolt* |
12(40.0) |
|
11(55.0) |
0.018 |
|
||
Harder for me to fall asleep |
18(60.0) |
|
14(70.0) |
0.189 |
|
||
Hurts my athletic performance |
1(3.3) |
|
1(5.0) |
0.472 |
|
||
Too expensive |
4(13.3) |
|
5(25.0) |
0.760 |
|
||
Friends don’t consume caffeine |
1(3.3) |
|
1(5.0) |
0.472 |
|
||
Doesn’t fit my self-image |
1(3.3) |
|
1(5.0) |
0.472 |
|
||
It’s bad for my health* |
8(26.7) |
|
8(40.0) |
0.020 |
0.182 |
||
Agree with typical effects |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Provide a boost or ‘jolt’ of energy* |
21(67.7) |
5(45.5) |
16(80) |
0.049 |
0.125 |
||
Improve concentration/memory |
12(38.8) |
5(45.5) |
7(35.0) |
0.567 |
|
||
Improve athletic performance |
4(12.9) |
1(9.1) |
3(15.0) |
0.639 |
|
||
†30 responses; ††OCFS/CPS compared to other
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01
Table 2: Caffeine intake amounts, sources, situations, and reasons among 31 case workers
|
All |
OCFS/CPS |
Other |
p-value† |
Effect size |
|
Mean(SD) |
Mean(SD) |
Mean(SD) |
Mean(SD) |
|
Work satisfaction* |
20.5(7.6) |
15.9(7.1) |
23.1(6.6) |
0.009 |
0.214
0.167 |
†OCFS/CPS compared to other
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
Table 3: Workplace well-being by domain among 31 case workers