 |
Figure 1: CONSORT flow diagram |
|
Figure 1: CONSORT flow diagram |
|
Overall (N = 26) |
CHO-E |
Water |
OJ |
P-Value |
Age (yrs) |
22.1 ± 3.3 |
23.1 ± 4.0 |
21.4 ± 1.9 |
21.7 ± 3.5 |
.514 |
Weight (kg) |
72.9 ± 10.0 |
74.9 ± 11.0 |
73.0 ± 11.6 |
70.8 ± 8.0 |
.706 |
Height (cm) |
174.3 ± 7.9 |
174.1 ± 7.9 |
175.0 ± 10.2 |
173.7 ± 6.3 |
.946 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) |
48.8 ± 7.3 |
48.2 ± 8.3 |
47.2 ± 6.8 |
50.8 ± 7.2 |
.592 |
Sweat rate (L/h) |
0.5 ± 0.3 |
0.5 ± 0.3 |
0.5 ± 0.3 |
0.5 ± 0.2 |
.981 |
Calories (kcal) |
2067.8 ± 584.5 |
1911.0 ± 522.9 |
2080.0 ± 798.6 |
2213.7 ± 429.2 |
.565 |
No significant difference between conditions.
List of abbreviations: CHO-E: Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage; F: Female; M: Male; OJ: Orange Juice
Table 1: Participant demographics
Symptom |
Water |
CHO-E |
OJ |
|||
|
Max |
Incidence |
Max |
Incidence |
Max |
Incidence |
Upper |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reflux/Heartburn |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
3.7%* |
Belching |
4 |
6.7%† |
- |
- |
1 |
5.2% |
Bloating |
2 |
3.3% |
3 |
11.7%‡ |
2 |
3.0% |
Stomach pain |
1 |
1.7% |
1 |
0.8% |
1 |
2.2% |
Vomiting |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
0.7% |
Nausea |
1 |
3.3.% |
- |
- |
2 |
6.7%§ |
Lower |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intestinal cramps |
- |
- |
4 |
0.8% |
- |
- |
Flatulence |
2 |
3.3% |
3 |
9.2% |
2 |
4.4% |
Urge to defecate |
3 |
8.3% |
4 |
6.7% |
3 |
6.7% |
Left abdominal pain/stitch |
1 |
0.8% |
- |
- |
1 |
0.7% |
Right abdominal pain/stitch |
1 |
0.8% |
- |
- |
2 |
0.7% |
Loose stool |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
0.7% |
Diarrhea |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Systemic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dizziness |
3 |
3.3% |
2 |
1.7% |
5 |
15.6%|| |
Headache |
1 |
3.3% |
7 |
6.7% |
3 |
23.0%¶ |
Muscle cramps |
1 |
6.7% |
3 |
5.0% |
3 |
10.4% |
Urge to urinate |
7 |
17.5% |
8 |
19.2% |
8 |
16.3% |
Note: Scores > 4 are considered “serious”. Overall incidence was determined by the absolute number of incidences of a symptom occurring at any time point and reported as a percentage. Max is the maximum score reported for that symptom.
*OJ significantly higher incidence than water and CHO-E (X2(2, n=375) = 9.009, p = 0.011).
†Water significantly higher incidence than OJ and CHO-E (X2(2, n=375) = 78.716, p = 0.021).
‡CHO-E significantly higher incidence than water and OJ (X2(2, n=375) = 10.765, p = 0.005).
§OJ significantly higher incidence than CHO-E and water (X2(2, n=375) = 8.447, p = 0.015).
||OJ significantly higher incidence than CHO-E and water (X2(2, n=375) = 22.290, p < 0.001).
¶OJ significantly higher incidence than CHO-E and water (X2(2, n=375) = 28.118, p < 0.001). List of abbreviations: CHO-E: Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage; OJ: Orange Juice
Table 2: Overall incidence (pre-, post, and 1 h post-cycling) of reported GI distress symptom scores by beverage condition
Condition |
Upper |
Lower |
Systemic |
||||||
Max |
Mean ± SD |
Serious |
Max |
Mean ± SD |
Serious |
Max |
Mean ± SD |
Serious |
|
Water |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre |
4 |
0.07 ± 0.36 |
0% |
3 |
0.06 ± 0.33 |
0% |
7 |
0.10 ± 0.64 |
0.6% |
Post |
2 |
0.01 ± 0.14 |
0% |
1 |
0.01 ± 0.12 |
0% |
6 |
0.16 ± 0.66 |
0.6% |
1 h post |
4 |
0.04 ± 0.32 |
0% |
1 |
0.00 ± 0.06 |
0% |
7 |
0.20 ± 0.91 |
1.9% |
CHO-E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre |
3 |
0.05 ± 0.30 |
0% |
2 |
0.02 ± 0.18 |
0% |
7 |
0.11 ± 0.64 |
0.6% |
Post |
2 |
0.30 ± 0.20 |
0% |
4 |
0.07 ± 0.44 |
0% |
4 |
0.20 ± 0.72 |
0% |
1 h post |
2 |
0.02 ± 0.19 |
0% |
4 |
0.06 ± 0.38 |
0% |
8 |
0.24 ± 0.94 |
0.6% |
OJ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre |
4 |
0.09 ± 0.40 |
0% |
2 |
0.04 ± 0.26 |
0% |
3 |
0.18 ± 0.52 |
0% |
Post |
2 |
0.04 ± 0.21 |
0% |
3 |
0.03 ± 0.21 |
0% |
8 |
0.42 ± 1.14 |
1.7%* |
1 h post |
1 |
0.02 ± 0.14 |
0% |
3 |
0.01 ± 0.18 |
0% |
3 |
0.23 ± 0.61 |
0% |
Note: Percent serious calculated as the number of sessions with a score > 4 out of the total number of sessions at that time point
*Post-exercise, OJ reported significantly greater serious symptoms than water and CHO-E (X2(2, n=480) = 6.034, p = 0.049)
Table 3: Mean, maximum, and serious gastrointestinal symptom scores for experimental conditions pre-, post- and 1 h post-cycling
|
Overall |
Water |
CHO-E |
OJ |
Usg |
|
|
|
|
Pre |
1.011 ± 0.005 |
1.011 ± 0.002 |
1.010 ± 0.005 |
1.010 ± 0.006 |
Post |
1.009 ± 0.005 |
1.009 ± 0.003 |
1.007 ± 0.005 |
1.012 ± 0.006 |
1 h |
1.013 ± 0.005* |
1.012 ± 0.003 |
1.011 ± 0.006 |
1.016 ± 0.004 |
PNa+ (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
Pre |
134.32 ± 2.80 |
134.69 ± 2.04 |
133.61 ± 3.24 |
134.69 ± 3.08 |
Post |
134.95 ± 3.89 |
135.72 ± 4.37 |
133.93 ± 3.13 |
135.27 ± 4.35 |
1 h |
133.71 ± 4.47 |
132.94 ± 3.70 |
134.94 ± 2.88 |
133.16 ± 6.28 |
PK+ (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
Pre |
3.91 ± 0.18† |
3.93 ± 0.26 |
3.82 ± 0.10 |
4.00 ± 0.10 |
Post |
4.17 ± 0.18 |
4.18 ± 0.20 |
4.05 ± 0.10 |
4.28 ± 0.16 |
1 h |
4.17 ± 0.23 |
4.27 ± 0.20 |
3.99 ± 0.13 |
4.26 ± 0.24 |
PCl- (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
Pre |
101.20 ± 2.11 |
101.30 ± 1.59 |
100.96 ± 2.88 |
101.36 ± 1.97 |
Post |
101.48 ± 1.66 |
100.99 ± 1.79 |
101.08 ± 1.48 |
102.36 ± 1.57 |
1 h |
100.34 ± 1.99‡ |
100.13 ± 1.68 |
100.60 ± 1.44 |
100.30 ± 2.86 |
Note: Overall mean reflects the results for all subjects combined. Pre-, post-, and 1 h means were collapsed across the 5 consecutive days and averaged for each time point.
List of abbreviations: CHO-E: Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage; OJ: Orange Juice; PCl-: Plasma Chloride; PK+: Plasma Potassium; PNa+: Plasma Sodium; Usg: Urine Specific Gravity
*Significantly higher than post (95% CI 0.001 to 0.005, p < 0.001)
†Significantly lower than post (95% CI -0.32 to -0.20, p < 0.001) and 1 h (95% CI -0.34 to -0.18, p < 0.001)
‡Significantly lower than post (95% CI 0.40 to 1.87, p = 0.004).
Table 4: Pre-, post-, and 1 h post-cycling hydration and electrolyte measures overall and for each beverage condition (M ± SD)