Author(s)

Subjects

Measurement Variables

Survey/Method

Results

Booyens et al. 1969 [29]

838

Dietary patterns during the university term

Questionnaire:

50% of male students drink coffee, 14% of female students either drink coffee, milk or tea for lunch

Carter & Muller 2007 [13]

229

Knowledge on hydration, perceptions, hydration status, needs, taste

Questionnaire

88% consume coffee; 95% perceive their usual fluid intake as adequate, consuming 2x250ml of water/day, 74% prefer water for rehydration
bottled or filtered water is preferred over the taste of tab water

De Francisco & Castelao 2010 [17]

6508

Liquid consumption and related variables

Questionnaire

bottled water preferred at home: 79.07%, at work: 15.61% 50% of the population is well hydrated

Galluci et al. 2016 [27]

692

Energy drink consumption in athletes and non-athlete students

Questionnaire

36.4% consume energy drinks
Reasons: athletes: energy boost, improving mental focus, athletic performance; non-athletes: lack of sleep, need for more energy

Jonnalagadda et al. 2001 [10]

31

Dietary practices, attitudes, physiological status

Questionnaire

n=4 considered sports drinks as more rehydrating than water 26% reported to consume 5 cups, 52%: 3-5 cups, 19%: 1-2 cups and 3% (n=1): reported not to consume any fluid during workout

Jung et al. 2007 [19]

10

Consumption of water, coke, etc.

Intervention: chilled water (5-10°C) vs.
flavored ambient temperature drinks

No sign. difference in volume of beverage consumption between chilled water and flavored ambient temperature drinks
The volume of all flavored ambient temperature beverages was sign. greater than the volume of ambient temperature
No sign. differences in the amount of weight lost between the trials

Ko et al. 2007 [15]

4841

Patterns of dietary habits, fluid intake

Questionnaire

17%: 750ml of fluid per day (water, juice or soup) 15.1% sugar drinks (more than 500ml per day)

Mackus et al. 2016 [23]

757

Knowledge on caffeine content

Questionnaire

Most prevalent sources of caffeine: coffee (50.8%), tea (34.8%), chocolate milk (0.5%)
Underestimation of caffeine content of coffee, overestimation of caffeine content in coke and energy drinks

Murad & Rafeeg 2016 [26]

548

Energy drink consumption

Questionnaire

51.5% consume energy drinks, whereas 82% reported more harms than benefits
side-effects (stated by 63.5%): increased urination, palpitations, insomnia
reasons for consumption: increased alertness while driving, joy

Nevins & Sherman 2016 [8]

119

diet, fluid intake, health goals

Questionnaire

15.1% set adequate fluid intake as a health goal 62% reported consuming water (3-8 glasses/day), low
consumption of soda, decrease in water intake (-2,44 glasses) during attendance in clinical rotations

Nichols et al. 2005 [38]

171

Knowledge on hydration, fluid intake

Questionnaire

Limited knowledge on correct use of sports drinks, good basic knowledge on adequate hydration

Nygaard & Linder 1997 [15]

791

Fluid intake and voiding patterns

Questionnaire

24,5% infrequent voiding (never or only once), 50% drank less on purpose to decrease voiding at work

Ojeda-Brito et al. 2015 [9]

1978

Water, milk, juice, coffee, tea, soft drinks

Questionnaire

Daily fluid intake: 1673.6ml (women), 1701.8ml (men); water (886.22ml/day), juice (202.17ml /day), coffee and tea (171,86ml/day), Soft drinks (155,10 ml/day)

Peltzer et al. 2017 [39]

4649

Risk factors for prehypertension

Questionnaire

A significant interaction between soft drink consumption and prehypertension was found in students

Polkinghorne et al. 2013 [14]

88

Fluid intake and hydration status (urine specific gravity) at work

Questionnaire

Before work: 59% dehydrated before (USG > 1.020), 58% dehydrated after work;
clinical dehydration (n=3) (USG > 1.030)
2.6 higher likeliness to finish shifts poorly hydrated when commencing poorly hydrated
daily water intake: 750ml, 426-450ml tea/coffee, 325ml-700ml sugary drinks, 250ml milk
10.9% suggested roster changes and
41.8% wished for more reliable access to cold palatable water to increase intake

Qian 2018 [16]

406

Water (bottled and tab water) intake

Questionnaire

Consumption of bottled water:
Macau: 24.3%, Hong Kong: 24.76%, Singapore: 13.44%
On campus: Singapore 12.5%, HK: 32.35%, Macau: 37.14%

Reid et al. 2014 [20]

1994

Drinking patterns of energy drinks, coffee, tea

Questionnaire

86.2% ever consumed an energy drink
38% consume Energy drinks 1x/month, 74% drink <5/month, 79.6% consume no more than one, 16% consume two drink(s) per class, 2,8% consume >3/class
60.2%/36.6% drinking coffee or tea per week
Reasons: to stay awake (45%), project work (40%), weight control (<10%)

Author(s)

Subjects

Measurement Variables

Survey/Method

Results

Rios et al. 2013 [28]

275

soft drink, coffee, hot chocolate, tea, energy drink consumption

Questionnaire

88.3% consume caffeinated beverages, 87.0%: soft drinks, 83.0%:
coffee, 56.0%: hot chocolate, 40.0%: tea, 29%: energy drinks, 65%: soft drinks, 55%: coffee
Coffee intake increased in periods of high stress to stay awake

Rodriguez et al. 2015 [21]

102

water, soft drinks, coffee, tea, milk intake

Questionnaire

59.8% drink water on a daily basis; 69.3% of them drink 4-8 cups, soft drinks or energy drinks (13.7%), milk (76.5%), coffee (31.4%) or a soft drink (89.2%)

Smith 2005 [24]

110

Caffeine consumption

Questionnaire

All: regular caffeine consumers (250mg/day)
higher levels of caffeine associated with an increase in alertness and smaller slowing of reaction time, fewer cognitive failures and accidents at work

Valek et al. 2004 [22]

571

Soft drinks, coffee, chocolate

Questionnaire

30% drink coffee, 40%: soft drinks, 78%: chocolate
daily caffeine intake:62.8±59.8 mg/day; 50% derived from soft drinks, 37% from coffee, 13% from chocolate

Ward et al. 2009 [18]

23

bottled and tab water

Questionnaire

Perception that bottled water had health benefits over tab water

Table 1: Overview of all studies identified in the systematic literature review