1 1. WHO (2016) Sexual and reproductive health-Infertility Definitions and Terminology. Geneva, Switzerland.
2 Dohle GR, Colpi GM, Hargreave TB, Papp GK, Jungwirth A, et al. (2005) EAU guidelines on male infertility. Eur Urol 48: 703-11.
3 CDC (2017) Reproductive Health and Infertility FAQs. Clifton Road Atlanta, GA, USA.
4 Barrett K, Barman S, Boitano S, Brooks H (2011) In: Gökbel H Ganong’un tıbbi fizyolojisi (Çeviri Editörü) 23. Baskı, İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 550.
5 Sanlier N (2010) Beslenme alışkanlıklarının üreme sağlığı üzerine etkileri.Çevrenin Erkek Cinsel ve Üreme Sağlığına Etkisi ve Korunma Yolları. Türk Androloji Derneği Yayınları.
6 Cayan S, Özdemir A, Orhan İ, Altay B, Kadıoğlu A (2015) Oksidatif stresin fertilitiye etkisi ve infertil erkeklerde anti-oksidan tedavinin yeri. Bülteni 17: 118-24.
7 Ramalingam M, Kini S, Mahmood T (2014) Male fertility and infertility. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 24: 326-32.
8 Demirci N (2014) Erkek Fertilitesi ve Riskli Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergis 22: 39-45.
9 Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L (2001) Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod 16: 1768-76.
10 Aggerholm AS, Thulstrup AM, Toft G, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Bonde JP (2008) Is overweight a risk factor for reduced semen quality and altered serum sex hormone profile? Fertil Sterili 90: 619-26.
11 Pauli EM, Legro RS, Demers LM, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC (2008) Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertil Steril 90: 346-51.
12 Yılmaz FÇ, Yardımcı H (2015) Beden Kütle İndeksinin İnfertilite Üzerine Etkisi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sci J 2: 1.
13 Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S (2012) Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Arch Intern Med 172: 440-2.
14 Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Shayeb AG, Bonde JP, et al. (2013) BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 221-31.
15 Dupont C, Faure C, Sermondade N, Boubaya M, Eustache F, et al. (2013) Obesity leads to higher risk of sperm DNA damage in infertile patients. Asian J Androl 15: 622-5.
16 Bandel I, Bungum M, Richtoff J, Malm J, Axelsson J, et al. (2015) No association between body mass index and sperm DNA integrity. Hum Reprod 30: 1704-13.
17 Braga DP, Halpern G, Figueira Rde C, Setti AS, Iaconelli A, et al. (2012) Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril 97: 53-9.
18 Liu CY, Chou YC, Chao JC, Hsu CY, Cha TL, et al. (2015) The association between dietary patterns and semen quality in a general Asian population of 7282 Males. PLoS One 10: e0134224.
19 Jensen TK, Heitmann BL, Blomberg Jensen M, Halldorsson TI, Andersson AM, et al. (2013) High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr 97: 411-8.
20 Ko EY, Sabanegh ES (2014) The role of nutraceuticals in male fertility. Urol Clin North Am 41: 181-93.
21 Colagar AH, Pouramir M, Marzony ET, Jorsaraei SGA (2009) Relationship between Seminal Malondialdehyde Levels and Sperm Quality in Fertile and Infertile Men. Braz Arch Biol Techn 52: 1387-92.
22Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F, Asgari MA (2010) Relationship of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with semen characteristics, and anti-oxidant status of seminal plasma: a comparison between fertile and infertile men. Clin Nut 29: 100-5.
23 Zararsız I, Kuş I, Davarcı M, Abdulgani Kuş M, Kaman D, et al. (2011) The protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids on rat testicular tissue. Dicle Med J 38: 382-6.
24 Sikka SC, Rajasekaran M, Hellstrom WJ (1995) Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male infertility. J Androl 16: 464-8..
25 Vijayprasad S, Bb G, Bb N (2014) Effect of vitamin C on male fertility in rats subjected to forced swimming stress. J Clin Diagn Res 8: HC05-8.
26 Wong WY, Merkus HM, Thomas CM, Menkveld R, Zielhuis GA, et al. (2002) Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 77: 491-8.
27 Vujkovic M, de Vries JH, Dohle GR, Bonsel GJ, Lindemans J, et al. (2009) Associations between dietary patterns and semen quality in men undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Hum Reprod 24: 1304-12.
28 Eskenazi B, Kidd SA, Marks AR, Sloter E, Block G, et al. (2005) Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Hum Reprod 20: 1006-12.
29 Wong WY, Merkus HM, Thomas CM, Menkveld R, Zielhuis GA, et al. (2002) Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 77: 491-8.
30 Vujkovic M, de Vries JH, Dohle GR, Bonsel GJ, Lindemans J, et al. (2009) Associations between dietary patterns and semen quality in men undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Hum Reprod 24: 1304-12.
31 Ebisch IM, Pierik FH, DE Jong FH, Thomas CM, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2006) Does folic acid and zinc sulphate intervention affect endocrine parameters and sperm characteristics in men? Int J Androl 29: 339-45.
32 Young SS, Eskenazi B, Marchetti FM, Block G, Wyrobek AJ (2008) The association of folate, zinc and antioxidant intake with sperm aneuploidy in healthy non-smoking men. Hum Reprod 23: 1014-22.
33 Raigani M, Yaghmaei B, Amirjannti N, Lakpour N, Akhondi MM (2014) The micronutrient supplements, zinc sulphate and folic acid, did not ameliorate sperm functional parameters in oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men. Andrologia 46: 956-62.
34 Lanzafame FM, La Vignera S, Vicari E, Calogero AE (2009) Oxidative stress and medical antioxidant treatment in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 19: 638-59.
35 Safarinejad MR (2009) Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men. J Urol 182: 237-48.
36 Safarinejad MR (2012) The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on partner pregnancy rate in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: an open-label prospective study. Int Urol Nephrol 44: 689-700.
37 Lafuente R, González-Comadrán M, Solà I, López G, Brassesco M, et al. (2013) Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility: a meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 30: 1147-56.
38 Cakiroglu B, Eyyupoglu SE, Gozukucuk R, Uyanik BS (2014) Ubiquinol effect on sperm parameters in subfertile men who have astheno-teratozoospermia with normal sperm concentration. Nephrourol Mon 10: e16870.
39 Thakur AS, Littarru GP, Funahashi I, Painkara US, Dange NS, et al. (2015) Effect of Ubiquinol Therapy on Sperm Parameters and Serum Testosterone Levels in Oligoasthenozoospermic Infertile Men. J Clin Diagn Res 9: BC01-3.
40 Keskes-Ammar L, Feki-Chakroun N, Rebai T, Sahnoun Z, Ghozzi H (2003) Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Arch Androl 49: 83-94.
41 Moslemi MK, Tavanbakhsh S (2011) Selenium–vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate. Int J Gen Med 4: 99-104.
42 Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates RW, Hussain B, Dixon J (1998) The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol 82: 76-80.
43 Mistry HD, Broughton Pipkin F, Redman CW, Poston L (2012) Selenium in reproductive health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206: 21-30.
44 Yao DF, Mills JN (2016) Male infertility: lifestyle factors and holistic, complementary, and alternative therapies. Asian J Androl 18: 410-8.
45Jensen TK, Swan SH, Skakkebaek NE, Rasmussen S, Jørgensen N (2010) Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men. Am J Epidemiol 171: 883-91.
46Oldereid NB, Rui H, Purvis K (1991) Life styles of men in barren couples and their relationship to sperm quality. Int J Fertil 37: 343-9.
47 Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, Olsen J, Bech BH (2008) Semen quality according to prenatal coffee and present caffeine exposure: two decades of follow-up of a pregnancy cohort. Hum Reprod 23: 2799-805.
48 Sobreiro BP, Lucon AM, Pasqualotto FF, Hallak J, Athayde KS, et al. (2005) Semen analysis in fertile patients undergoing vasectomy: reference values and variations according to age, length of sexual abstinence, seasonality, smoking habits and caffeine intake. Sao Paulo Med J 123: 161-6.
49 Wesselink AK, Wise LA2, Rothman KJ3, Hahn KA4, Mikkelsen EM, et al. (2016) Caffeine and caffeinated beverage consumption and fecundability in a preconception cohort. Reprod Toxicol 62: 39-45.
50 Zhou X, Liu F, Zhai S (2007) Effect of L-carnitine and/or L-acetyl-carnitine in nutrition treatment for male infertility: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16: 383-90.
51 Lenzi A, Sgrò P, Salacone P, Paoli D, Gilio B, et al. (2004) A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined L-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia. Fertil Steril 81: 1578-84.
52 Balercia G, Regoli F, Armeni T, Koverech A, Mantero F, et al. (2005) Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia. Fertil Steril 84: 662-71.
53 Lamas CA, Gollücke AP, Dolder H (2015) Grape juice concentrate (G8000®) intake mitigates testicular morphological and ultrastructural damage following cadmium intoxication. Int J Exp Pathol 96: 301-10.
54 Ciftci H, Verit A, Savas M, Yeni E, Erel O (2009) Effects of N-acetylcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative/antioxidant status. Urology 74: 73-6.
55 Serdaroğlu H (2004) In: Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi. Jinekoloji 261.
56 Metwally M, Li TC, Ledger WL (2007). The impact of obesity on female reproductive function. Obes Rev 8: 515-23.
57 Moschos S, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS (2002) Leptin and reproduction: a review. Fertil Steril 77: 433-44.
58 Parihar M (2003) Lipoic acid affects cellular migration into the central nervous system and Obesity and infertility. Rev Obstet Gynecol 3: 120-6.
59 Best D, Bhattacharya S (2015) Obesity and fertility. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 24: 5-10.
60 Wei S, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Norman RJ, Venn AJ (2009) Obesity and menstrual irregularity: associations with SHBG, testosterone, and insulin. Obesity 17: 1070-6.
61 Caillon H, Fréour T, Bach-Ngohou K, Colombel A, Denis MG (2015) Effects of female increased body mass index on in vitro fertilization cycles outcome. Obes Res Clin Pract 9: 382-8.
62 Kort JD, Winget C, Kim SH, Lathi RB (2014) A retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of meaningful weight loss on fertility outcomes in an overweight population with infertility. Fertil Steril 101: 1400-3.
63 Bellver J, Pellicer A, García-Velasco JA, Ballesteros A, Remohí J, et al. (2013) Obesity reduces uterine receptivity: clinical experience from 9,587 first cycles of ovum donation with normal weight donors. Fertil Steril 100: 1050-8.
64 Schliep KC, Mumford SL, Ahrens KA, Hotaling JM, Carrell DT, et al. (2015) Effect of male and female body mass index on pregnancy and live birth success after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 103: 388-95.
65 Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC (2009) A prospective study of dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to risk of ovulatory infertility. Eur J Clin Nutr 63: 78-86.
66 Maru S, van der Schouw YT, Gimbrère CH, Grobbee DE, Peeters PH (2004) Body mass index and short-term weight change in relation to mortality in Dutch women after age 50 y. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 231-6.
67 Franks S (1995) Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 333: 853-61.
68 Roos N, Kieler H, Sahlin L, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Falconer H, et al. (2011) Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: population based cohort study. BMJ 343: d6309.
69 Huber-Buchholz MM., Carey D, Norman R, (1999) Restoration of Reproductive Potential by Lifestyle Modification in Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Role of Insulin Sensitivity and Luteinizing Hormone . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 1470-4.
70 Colombo O, Pinelli G, Comelli M, Marchetti P, Sieri S, et al. (2009) Dietary intakes in infertile women a pilot study. Nutr J 8: 53.
71 Becker GF, Passos EP, Moulin CC (2015) Short-term effects of a hypocaloric diet with low glycemic index and low glycemic load on body adiposity, metabolic variables, ghrelin, leptin, and pregnancy rate in overweight and obese infertile women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 102: 1365-72.
72 Bazzano M, Torelli C, Pustovrh MC, Paz D, Elia EM (2015) Obesity induced by cafeteria diet disrupts fertility in the rat by affecting multiple ovarian targets. Reprod Biomed Online 31: 655-67.
73 Sohrabi M, Roushandeh AM, Alizadeh Z, Vahidinia A, Vahabian M, et al. (2015) Effect of a high fat diet on ovary morphology, in vitro development, in vitro fertilisation rate and oocyte quality in mice. Singapore Med J 56: 573-9.
74 Moran LJ, Tsagareli V, Noakes M, Norman R (2016) Altered Preconception Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Improved Pregnancy Rates in Overweight and Obese Women Undertaking in Vitro Fertilisation. Nutrients 8: E10.
75 Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, et al. (2010) Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility. Fertil Steril 94: 130-7.
76 Tremellen K, Pearce K (2015) In: Nutrition, Fertility and Human Reproductive Function. CRC Press, New York, USA.
77Bennington LK (2010) Can complementary/alternative medicine be used to treat infertility? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 35: 140-7.
78 Yoshida K, Yamaguchi M, Morinaga T, Ikeuchi M, Kinehara M (2006) Genetic modification of Bacillus subtilis for production of D-chiro-inositol, an investigational drug candidate for treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 1310-5.
79 Papaleo E, Unfer V, Baillargeon JP, Fusi F, Occhi F, et al. (2009) Obesity and fertility. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 24: 5-10.
80 Unfer V, Carlomagno G, Rizzo P, Raffone E, Roseff S (2011) Myo-inositol rather than D-chiro-inositol is able to improve oocyte quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 15: 452-7.
81 Nordio M, Proietti E (2012) The combined therapy with myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol reduces the risk of metabolic disease in PCOS overweight patients compared to myo-inositol supplementation alone. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16: 575-81.
82 Colagar AH, Marzony ET, Chaichi MJ (2009) Zinc levels in seminal plasma are associated with sperm quality in fertile and infertile men. Nutr Res 29: 82-8.
83 Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S (2009) Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol 181: 741-51.
84 Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S (2012) Effects of the reduced form of coenzyme Q 10 (ubiquinol) on semen parameters in men with idiopathic infertility: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol 188: 526-31.
85 WHO (2010) In: WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human sperm (5th Edn). Geneva, Switzerland.