Top: (n=6) Mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) while ingesting the standard diet (i.e., control–open triangles) and for the last 24 hours (hours 48-72) of ingesting a CHO-free diet (closed triangles)
Bottom: (n=7) Mean±SEM while ingesting the standard diet (i.e., control–open circles) and for the last 24 hours (hours 48-72) of fasting (closed circles).
X-axis: 0 indicates 0800 hr. B, L, D indicate breakfast, lunch, and dinner meal times.
Y Axis: Left - concentration in English units, Right - concentration in Scientific Units.
Inserts: Net Area represents the mean±SEM integrated 24-hr area response, using the overnight fasting concentration as baseline. Total Area represents the mean–SEM integrated 24-hr area response, using zero as baseline. S = Standard diet (control), C = CHO-free diet, F = Fasting
Figure 1: Plasma Urea Nitrogen. Twenty-four hour plasma urea nitrogen responses.

Day 1
Breakfast	Scrambled eggs with butter, heavy cream, cheese Fried salt pork
Lunch	Lettuce salad with cheese, cooked egg, ham, turkey, Ranch dressing Diet gelatin with whipped topping
Dinner	Ground beef with butter, chili seasoning Cooked asparagus with Hollandaise sauce Diet gelatin with whipped topping
Day 2
Breakfast	Scrambled eggs (with butter, heavy cream, cheese) Fried salt pork
Lunch	Egg salad on lettuce leaf (eggs, mayo, green onion, dill pickle) Diet Gelatin with whipped topping
Dinner	Polish sausage with cheese Cottage cheese with 1000 island dressing Lettuce salad with Caesar dressing, Parmesan cheese Broccoli with Hollandaise sauce
Day 3
Breakfast	Fried eggs in butter Sausage links Tomato juice
Lunch	Tuna salad on lettuce leaf (tuna, mayo, celery, green onion, Sunflower seeds) Diet gelatin with whipped topping
Dinner	Beef frankfurters Lettuce salad with tomato and Blue Cheese dressing Dill pickle Mousse
Adjusted as necessary to provide required calories for each individual, keeping the macronutrient content at ~ 15% protein, 85% fat Table 1:* Foods for Carbohydrate-Free Diet*

CHO-Free	DAY 1**	DAY 2	DAY 3	DAY 4	DAY 5
	Standard Diet	Start of CHO-free	24 Hours CHO-free	48 Hours CHO-free	72 Hours CHO-free
Caloric Intake (Kcal/day)	2464 ±126	2436±116	2436±116	2436±116	N/A
Weight (kg)*	96.7±6	96.7±6	96.2±6	95.7±6	95.3±6^+§
Pulse (BPM)	65±3	64±2	65±4	66±4	67±6
BP/S (mmHg)	130±7	126±6	123±6	123±6	120±2
BP/D (mmHg)	79±4	73±2	72±3	71±2	73±2^§
RMR (Kcal/day)	1803±133	1867±154	1829±110	1701±68	1661±65
nRQ	0.85±0.01	0.84±0.02	0.80±0.01	0.80±0.01	0.79±0.01
% CHO Oxidized	50.7	47.2	33.4	33.4	29.9
% Fat Oxidized	49.3	52.8	66.6	66.6	70.1
Grams glucose¹		238			134
Grams glucose²		249			165

Fasting	DAY 1	DAY 2	DAY 3	DAY 4	DAY 5
	Standard Diet	Start of Fast	24 Hours Post fast	48 Hours Post fast	72 Hours Post fast
Caloric Intake (Kcal/day)	2464±126	0	0	0	N/A
Weight (kg)*	96.2±6	96.2±6	94.4±6	94.0±6	93.1±6^+§
Pulse (BPM)	68±4	67±3	69±5	73±6	73±5
BP/S (mmHg)	136±8	121±4	122±4	122±8	113±3
BP/D (mmHg)	79±3	74±2	73±2	74±3	68±2^+§
RMR (Kcal/day)	1724±112	1866±76	1661±107	1609±126	1572±101
nRQ	0.82±0.02	0.85±0.01	0.82±0.01	0.79±0.01	0.78±0.02
% CHO Oxidized	40.3	50.7	40.3	29.9	26.3
% Fat Oxidized	59.7	49.3	59.7	70.1	73.7
Grams glucose¹		256			112
Grams glucose²		224			146
Values are means±SEM; *Standard Diet=Control (55% CHO, 15% protein, 30% fat) Day 1 and Day 5 weight published previously [2]. + = P<0.05 Day 5 vs Day 2; § = P<0.05 CHO-free day 5 vs. Fasting day 5 ¹Calculated from RMR & nRQ ²Calculated from Urine Potassium Abbreviations: kg=kilograms; BPM=beats per minute; mmHg=millimeters of mercury; BP/S=blood pressure/systolic; BP/D=blood pressure diastolic; Kcal/day=kilocalories/day; nRQ=non-protein respiratory quotient; RMR=resting metabolic rate; CHO=carbohydrate Note: That the data were obtained at 0800 hr. and thus are representative of the caloric intake from the previous day. Table 2: Physiologic Data (n=7)

Meals
Urine	Pre CHO-Free Standard Diet	CHO-Free 48-72 hr	∆	Pre-Fasting Standard Diet	Fasting 48-72 hr	∆
**Volume (ml)	3281±441	3012±311	-269	3213±439	2399±297*	-814
Sodium (mmol)	223±21	188±18	-35	193±23	68±8*	-125
Potassium (mmol)	101±8	67±8*	-34	91±7	59±5*	-32
Calcium (mg)	185±33	151±16	-34	198±26	110±14* 1414	-88
Creatinine (mg)	1633±128	1702±177	69	1477±90	1681±84*	204
Urea Nitrogen (g)	13.7±1.2	12.1±1.3	-1.6	12.3 ± 0.9	10.7±0.9*	-1.6
**Glucose (g)	23.5±14.0	0.26±0.1 ^^	-23.24	29.5±12.0	0.07±0.01*	-29.43
Values are means±SEM P < 0.05 Standard vs Treatment by Student’s t test ^^ P=0.02 by Wilcoxon signed rank test The average of the 2 “Pre” data sets for volume and glucose, and individual post data set for volume and glucose were published previously [2]. 24 Hour collection for Standard (i.e. Control) was from 0800 day 1 to 0800 day 2 24 Hour collection for CHO-Free and Fasting was from 0800 day 4 to 0800 day 5 The creatinine excretion was extraordinarily low for the control diet before fasting, for an unexplained technical reason Table 3:* 24-Hour Urine Data (n=7)

Test	Pre CHO-Free (Standard Diet)	Post CHO-Free	∆	Pre Fasting (Standard Diet)	Post Fasting	∆
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.8±0.04	0.9±0.05	0.1±0.01	0.8±0.03	0.9±0.04	0.1±0.06
TSH (µU/ml)	1.8±0.4	2.0±0.6	0.2±0.4	2.1±0.7	1.9±0.6	-0.2±0.11
Free T4 (µg/dl)	1.1±0.03	1.1±0.03	0	1.0±0.10	1.2±0.08 *	0.2±0.07
Total T3 (ng/dl)	111±5	94±5*	-17±5	113±8	93±5*	-20±6
HbA1c (%)	7.9±0.4	7.8±0.5	-0.1±0.1	8.1±0.5	7.9±0.5	-0.2±0.1
**Glucose (mg/dl)	188±22	149±14*	-39±12	204±25	114±11*	-90±23
Values are means ± SEM, Standard Diet=Control (55% CHO 15% protein 30% fat) * P < 0.05 Standard vs Treatment by Student’s t test Δ = Post minus Pre value Average of the data for Pre CHO-free and Pre Fasting Standard data for volume and glucose, and individual data for post volume and glucose published previously [2]. Abbreviations: TSH=Thyroid-stimulating hormone; T₄=thyroxine; T₃=triiodothyronine; HbA1c=Hemoglobin A1c Table 4:** Plasma/Serum Data (n=7)