1 Allied Health Sciences Section Ad Hoc Nutrition C, Aills L, Blankenship J, Buffington C, Furtado M, et al. (2008) ASMBS Allied Health Nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis 4: S73-108.

2 Janković D, Wolf P, Anderwald CH, Winhofer Y, Promintzer-Schifferl M, et al. (2012) Prevalence of endocrine disorders in morbidly obese patient and the effects of bariatric surgery on endocrine and metabolic parameters. Obes Surg 22: 62-9.

3 Tseng FY, Lin WY, Lin CC, Lee LT, Li TC, et al. (2012) Subclinical hypothyroidism is Associated with increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 60: 730-7.

4 Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Fazio S (2002) Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart. Ann Intern Med 137: 904-14.

5 Biondi B, Cooper DS (2008) The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev 29: 76-131.

6 Janssen IM, Homan J, Schijns W, Betzel B, Aarts EO, et al. (2015) Subclinical hypothyroidism and its relation to obesity in patients before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 11: 1257-63.

7Kok P, Roelfsema F, Frolich M, Meinders AE, Pijl H (2005) Spontaneous diurnal thyrotropin secretion is enhanced in proportion to circulating leptin in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 6185-91.

8 Kok P, Roelfsema F, Frölich M, van Pelt J, Meinders AE, et al. (2009) Bromocriptine reduces augmented thyrotropin secretion in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 1176-81.

9 Rotondi M, Leporati P, La Manna A, Pirali B, Mondello T, et al. (2009) Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol 160: 403-8.

10 Mullur R, Liu Y, Brent GA (2014) Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev 94: 355-82.

11 Schomburg L, Kohrle J (2008) on the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 52: 1235-46.

12 Touat-Hamici Z, Legrain Y, Bulteau AL, Chavatt L (2014) Selective up-regulation of human selenoproteins in response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 289: 14750-61.

13Kim JE, Choi SI, Lee HR, Hwang IS, Lee YJ, et al. (2012) Selenium significantly inhibits adipocyte hypertrophy and abdominal fat accumulation in OLETF rats via induction of fatty acid. Biol Trace Elem Res 150: 360-70.

14 Kim CY, Kim GN, Wiacek JL, Chen CY, Kim KH (2012) Selenate inhibits adipogenesis through induction of transforming growth factor-_1 (TGF-_1) signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 426: 551-57.

15 Spina A, Guallar E, Rayman MP, Tigbe W, Kandala NB, et al. (2013)Anthropometric indices and selenium status in British adults: The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Free Radic Biol Med 65: 1315-21.

16 Beckett GJ, Arthur JR (2005) Selenium and endocrine systems J Endocrinol 184: 455-65.

17 Ahn B-I, Kim MJ, Koo HS, Seo N, Joo N-S, et al. (2014) Serum zinc concentration is inversely associated with insulin resistance but not related with metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic Korean adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160: 169-75.

18 Gao H, Hagg S, Sjogren P, Lambert PC, Ingelsson E, et al. (2014) Serum selenium in relation to measures of glucose metabolism and incidence of type 2 diabetes in an older Swedish population. Diabetic Med 31: 787-93.

19 Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, et al. (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28: 412-19.

20 Yadav C, Manjrekar PA, Agarwal A, Ahmad A, Hegde A, et al. (2017) Association of Serum Selenium, Zinc and Magnesium Levels with Glycaemic Indices and Insulin Resistance in Pre-diabetes: a Cross-Sectional Study from South India. Biol Trace Elem Res 175: 65-71.

21Vitturi N, Soattin M, De Stefano F, Vianello D, Zambon A, et al. (2015) Ultrasound, anthropometry and bioimpedance: a comparison in predicting fat deposition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eat Weight Disord 20: 241-7.

22 Guarino G, Strollo F, Carbone L, Della Corte T, Letizia M, et al. (2017) Bioimpedance analysis, metabolic effects and safety of the association Berberis aristata/Bilybum marianum: a 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 31: 495-502.

23Schutz Y, Sarafian D, Miles JL, Montani JP, Dulloo AG (2012) Non-contact assessment of waist circumference: will tape measurements become progressively obsolete? Eur J Clin Nutr 66: 269-72.

24Camina Martín MA, de Mateo Silleras B, Nescolarde Selva L, Barrera Ortega S, Domínguez Rodríguez L, et al. (2015) Bioimpedance vector analysis and conventional bioimpedance to assess body composition in older adults with dementia. Nutrition 31: 155-9.

25 Savegnago Mialich M, Faccioli Sicchieri JM, Jordao AA (2014)Analysis of Body Composition: A Critical Review of the Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Int J Clini Nutri 2: 1-10.

26 Verney J, Metz L, Chaplais E, Cardenoux C, Pereira B, et al. (2016) Bioelectrical impedance is an accurate method to assess body composition in obese but not severely obese adolescents. Nutr Res 36: 663-70.

27 Gómez-Ambrosi J, González-Crespo I, Catalán V, Rodríguez A, Moncada R, et al. (2018) Clinical usefulness of abdominal bioimpedance (ViScan) in the determination of visceral fat and its application in the diagnosis and management of obesity and its comorbidities. Clin Nutr 37: 580-9.

28 Wiernsperger N, Rapin JR (2010) Trace elements in glucometabolic disorders: an update. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2: 70.

29 Ortega RM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Aparicio A, Jiménez-Ortega AI, Palmeros C, et al. (2012) Young children with excess of weight show an impaired selenium status. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 82: 121-9.

30 Ventura M, Melo M, Carrilho F (2017) Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Int J Endocrinol 2017: 1297658.

31 Ahn BI, Kim MJ, Koo HS, Seo N, Joo NS, et al. (2014) Serum zinc concentration is inversely associated with insulin resistance but not related with metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic Korean adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 160: 169-75.

32 Alizadeh M, Safaeiyan A, Ostadrahimi A, Estakhri R, Daneghian S, et al. (2012) Effect of L-arginine and selenium added to a hypocaloric diet enriched with legumes on cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with central obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab 60: 157-68.

33 Pirola I, Gandossi E, Agosti B, Delbarba A, Cappelli C (2016) Selenium supplementation could restore euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Endokrynol Pol 67: 567-71.

34 Bitiktas S, Tan B, Batakcı M, Kavraal S, Dursun N, et al. (2016) Effects of selenium treatment on 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil-induced impairment of long-term potentiation. Neurosci Res 109: 70-6.

35 Zeng J, Zhou J, Huang K (2009) Effect of selenium on pancreatic proinflammatory cytokines in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Nutr Biochem 20: 530-6.

36 Wang XL, Yang TB, Wei J, Lei G-H, Zeng C, et al. (2016) Association between serum selenium level and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr J 15: 48.

37Assis BS, Jairza JMB, Lopes JA, Roriz AKC, Melo AL, et al. (2018) Micronutrient intake in elderly living in nursing homes. Nutr Hosp 35: 59-64.

38 Laclaustra M, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Ordovas JM, Guallar E (2009) Serum selenium concentrations and diabetes in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004. Environ Health Perspect 117: 1409-13.

39 Bucholz EM, Desai MM, Rosenthal MS (2011) Dietary intake in Head Start vs. non-Head Start preschool-aged children: Results from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Diet Assoc 111: 1021-30.

40 Ortega RM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Aparicio A, Jiménez-Ortega AI, Palmeros C, et al. (2012) Young children with excess of weight show an impaired selenium status. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 82: 121-9.

41 Stranges S, Sieri S, Vinceti M, Grioni S, Guallar E, et al. (2010) A prospective study of dietary selenium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. BMC Public Health 10: 564.

42Azab SF, Saleh SH, Elsaeed WF, Elshafie MA, Sherief LM, et al. (2014) Serum trace elements in obese Egyptian children: A case-control study. Ital J Pediatr 40: 20.

43Rangan AM, Schindeler S, Hector DJ, Gill TP, Webb KL (2009) Consumption of “extra” foods by Australian adults: Types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr 63: 865-71.

44 Muegge CR, Brennan KM, Schoonmaker JP (2017) Supplementation of organic and inorganic selenium to late gestation and early lactation beef cows effect on progeny feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 95: 1356-62.