 |
Variables |
Frequency (n) |
Percentage (%) |
Age (yrs) |
||
60-64 |
465 |
40.26 |
65-69 |
489 |
42.34 |
≥70 |
201 |
17.40 |
| Religion | ||
Christianity |
782 |
67.70 |
Islamic |
358 |
31.00 |
Traditional |
15 |
1.30 |
| Ethnicity | ||
Yoruba |
987 |
85.45 |
Ibo |
37 |
3.2 |
Ebira |
131 |
11.34 |
| Sex | ||
Male |
554 |
48.00 |
Female |
601 |
52.00 |
Civil servants |
15 |
1.30 |
Private business |
213 |
18.44 |
Artisan |
56 |
4.85 |
Retired |
312 |
27.01 |
Farmer |
156 |
13.51 |
Depending on children/relatives |
403 |
34.89 |
| Monthly income in Naira/Pounds (€305/naira) | ||
5000-14,000/ /16.39-45.9 |
759 |
65..1 |
15,000 -24,000/49.18-78.69 |
199 |
17.23 |
25,000- 34,000/81.96-111.48 |
25 |
2.17 |
35,000 and above114.75 above |
172 |
14.89 |
| Table 1: The socio-demographic/economic characteristics of the elderly (n=1155) | ||
| Food groups | Example | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | Yes=1 No=0 |
| Cereals | Corn, rice, wheat, sorghum, millet or foods made from these (e.g., bread, Pap | 352 |
0.48 |
Yes=1 |
| 803 | 69.52 | No= 0 | ||
| Tubers | White yam, white cassava, or other foods made from roots | 1054 |
91.26 |
Yes=1 |
| 101 | 8.74 | No=0 | ||
| Vegetables | Pumpkin, carrot, okro, amaranthus, corchorus |
361 |
31.26 |
Yes=1 |
| 794 | 68.74 | No=0 | ||
| Vitamin A rich foods | ripe mango, ripe papaya, carrots |
293 |
18.70 |
Yes=1 |
| 936 | 81.30 | No=0 | ||
| Legumes, nut and seeds | Cowpeas, soybeans groundnut, melon seed |
568 |
49.18 |
Yes=1 |
| 587 | 50.82 | No=0 | ||
| Organ meat | liver, kidney, heart or other organ meats |
102 |
8.83 |
Yes=1 |
| 1053 | 91.17 | No=0 | ||
| Flesh meat | beef, pork, lamb, goat, rabbit, game, chicken, duck, other birds, insects |
46 |
4.00 |
Yes=1 |
| 1109 | 96.00 | No=0 | ||
| Fish and fish products | fresh or dried fish or shellfish |
1034 |
89.52 |
Yes=1 |
| 121 | 10.48 | No=0 | ||
| Milk and milk products | Milk, local cheese or yoghurt |
46 |
4.00 |
Yes=1 |
| 1109 | 96.00 | No=0 | ||
| Oil and fat | Vegetable oil, animal fat |
1139 |
98.60 |
Yes=1 |
| 16 | 1.40 | No=0 | ||
| Spices and condiments | Turmeric, ginger, bouillon cube |
531 |
48.57 |
Yes=1 |
| 624 | 54.03 | No=0 | ||
Table 2: Daily Dietary Diversity of the Elderly |
||||
| Clinical Assessment | Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
General
|
||
No symptoms |
634 |
54.90 |
Wasted, Skinny |
171 |
14.80 |
Loss of appetite |
350 |
30.30 |
| Skin | ||
No skin problem |
455 |
39.39 |
Eczematous |
115 |
9.95 |
Scaling |
118 |
10.21 |
Pigmentation changes |
362 |
31.34 |
Thickness and dryness of skin |
105 |
9.09 |
| Head | ||
No symptom |
782 |
67.70 |
Temporal muscle wasting |
208 |
18.00 |
| Hair | ||
No symptom |
186 |
16.10 |
Spare and thin, dyspigmentation |
172 |
14.89 |
Easy to pull out |
3 |
0.26 |
| Eye | ||
No symptom |
138 |
11.94 |
History of night blindness |
705 |
61.03 |
Photophobia, bluring |
289 |
25.02 |
Conjuctional, inflammation |
15 |
1.29 |
| Corneal vascularization | 8 | 0.69 |
| Mouth | ||
No symptom |
849 |
73.51 |
Glossitis |
17 |
1.47 |
Bleeding gums |
208 |
18.01 |
Cheilosis/angular stomatitis |
81 |
7.01 |
| Problem with chewing | ||
Yes |
708 |
61.29 |
No |
447 |
38.71 |
| Abdomen | ||
No symptom |
396 |
34.28 |
Constipation |
753 |
65.19 |
Hepatomegaly |
6 |
0.52 |
| Bone and muscle | ||
Bone ache |
416 |
36.01 |
Osteoporosis |
28 |
2.42 |
Joint pain |
474 |
41.03 |
| Neurologic | ||
Dementia |
81 |
7.01 |
| Table 3: Clinical Characteristics of the Elderly | ||
| Variables | Male Mean±SD (n=502) |
Female Mean±SD (n=653) |
Age |
69.99± 67.180 |
69.34±58.232 |
Weight (kg) |
62.26±34.598 |
59.70±51.549 |
Height (m) |
165.04±68.759 |
157.01±38.248 |
Arm span (cm) |
169.74±99.202 |
162.30±80.999 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
22.86±92.014 |
23.93±89.801 |
Waist (cm) |
39.19±73.743 |
35.01±37.601 |
Hip (cm) |
37.72±24.543 |
42.87±30.073 |
Waist/hip ratio |
1.03±68.011 |
0.81±34.579 |
Triceps (mm) |
12.48±48.281 |
14.74±80.504 |
MUAC (cm) |
21.23±67.008 |
22.53±60.091 |
MUAA(cm2) |
35.9±76.006 |
40.40±34.561 |
MUAMA(cm2) |
23.80±54.203 |
25.50±30.001 |
MUAFA(cm2) |
12.00±23.063 |
14.90±48.105 |
| Table 4: Anthropometric Characteristics of the Elderly | ||
| Variables | Nutritional status |
r | P |
Age |
BMI (anthropometric status) |
-0.26 |
0.05 |
Socio-economic status |
Milk intake (dietary intake) |
0.48 |
0.05 |
Low milk intake |
Bone ache (clinical status) |
0.36 |
0.05 |
Protein intake |
Muscle wasting (clinical status) |
0.46 |
0.05 |
Fruits and vegetable intake |
Back bone ache and joint pain (clinical status) |
0.35 |
0.05 |
Fruits and vegetable intake |
Constipation (clinical status) |
0.52 |
0.05 |
| Table 5: Correlation of some Variables with the Nutritional status of the Elderly | |||
|
 |
 |