Area
Male
Female
Total (%)
Urban
12
 7
 19 (38)
Rural
21
10
31 (62)
Total (%)
33 (66)
17 (34)
50 (100)
Table 1: Area and Gender Distribution
Signs and Symptoms
N   (%)
Rachitic rosary
7 (14)
Widely open anterior fontanel
11 (22)
Widening of wrist
7 (14)
Bowing of legs
7 (14)
Chest infection
11 (22)
Diarrhoea
5 (10)
Delayed eruption of teeth
12 (24)
failure to thrive
5 (10)
Fits
2 (4)
Sweating
13 (26)
Irritability
10 (20)
Table 2: Clinical features of the subjects (N=50)
Radiographic Features
N (%)
Cupping
42 (84)
Splaying
14 (28)
Fraying
7 (14)
Widening of wrist
20 (40)
Table 3: Radiographic features of the subjects
Variables
Reference ranges*
Mean ± SD
Serum calcium (mg/dl)
8.1 – 10.4
8.11 ± 0.56
Serum ALP (IU/L)
145 – 450
1219 ± 566
* These values are obtained starting from Nicholson JF, Pesce MY (2004) beaches of reference for the tests of laboratory and the procedures. In: Behrman RE, psychosocial intervention RM, Jenson HB (eds) Nelson textbook of Pediatrics, 18th éd. Chapter 710, pp 2948, Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company.
Table 4: Biochemical profile of the subjects (N=50)
Measurements
Mean ± S.D.
Age (months)
15.16 ± 11.18
Weight (kg)
7.87 ± 3.02
Height (cm)
69.29 ± 10.62
Head Circumference (cm)
46.41 ± 3.31
Weight-for-age z score
-1.78 ± 0.95
Height-for-age z score
-3.28 ± 0.56
Weight-for-height z score
-2.55 ± 0.92
Head circumference-for-age z score
0.79 ± 0.95
Table 5: Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects (n=50)
Malnutrition Indicators*
Subjects
N
%
WAZ
Underweight
24
48
Normal
26
52
HAZ
Stunted
37
74
Normal
13
26
WHZ
Wasted
12
24
Normal
38
76
HCAZ
Large
5
10
Normal
45
90

*Classification of the indicators as Underweight, stunted, wasted and large heads are based on the WHO recommended cut off levels of z-score < -2, whereas z-score ≥ -2 is considered normal for all indictors.
Table 6: Prevalence of malnutrition in the subjects with Rickets (N=50)

Nutrients

Adequate*
n (%)

Inadequate**
n (%)
Energy
10 (20)
40 (80)
Protein
21 (42)
29 (58)
Calcium
7 (14)
43 (86)
Phosphorus
4 (8)
46 (92)
Vitamin D
0 (0)
50 (100)

* Subjects with the daily intake and according to the recommended diet allowance
** Subject that the daily intake is less than the recommended dietary allowances
Table 7: Nutrient Intake of the rickety subjects (N=50)
Exposure to sun
Urban (n=19)
Rural (n=31)
Total (n=50)
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
No
5 (26)
19 (61)
24 (48)
Yes
14 (74)
12 (39)
26 (52)
Total
19 (100)
31 (100)
50 (100)
* p-value = 0.03
Table 8: Exposure to sun of the subjects by Area*