| Variables | Category | Port Moresby (n=89) | Nuku(n=112) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
| Children | ||||||
| Sex | Boy | 39 | (43.8) | 62 | (55.4) | |
| Girl | 50 | (56.2) | 50 | (44.6) | ||
| Age | 6- 12 months | 60 | (67.4) | 19 | (17.0) | |
| 12-23 months | 26 | (29.2) | 21 | (18.8) | ||
| 24-35 months | 1 | (1.1) | 24 | (21.4) | ||
| 36-47 months | 2 | (2.0) | 16 | (14.3) | ||
| 48-59 months | - | (-) | 32 | (28.6) | ||
| Birth order | 1 | 36 | (41.4) | 27 | (24.1) | |
| 2 | 27 | (31.0) | 21 | (18.8) | ||
| 3 | 12 | (13.8) | 19 | (17.0) | ||
| 4 | 7 | ( 8.0) | 18 | (16.1) | ||
| 5≤ | 5 | (5.6) | 27 | (24.1) | ||
| Mothers | ||||||
| Age group | < 20 yrs | 4 | (4.7) | 2 | (2.0) | |
| 20-29 yrs | 45 | (52.3) | 48 | (49.0) | ||
| 30-39 yrs | 33 | (38.4) | 36 | (36.7) | ||
| 40 yrs ≤ | 4 | (4.7) | 12 | (12.2) | ||
| No of delivery | 1 | 34 | (39.5) | 25 | (22.3) | |
| 2 | 28 | (32.6) | 18 | (16.1) | ||
| 3 | 11 | (12.8) | 23 | (20.5) | ||
| 4 | 7 | ( 8.1) | 13 | (11.6) | ||
| 5≤ | 6 | ( 7.0) | 33 | (29.5) | ||
| Households | ||||||
| Source of drinking water | Tap at home | 83 | (94.3) | 17 | (15.3) | |
| Public tap | 1 | ( 1.1) | 12 | (10.8) | ||
| Tank water | 2 | ( 2.3) | 0 | ( 0) | ||
| Deep well | 1 | ( 1.1) | 81 | (73.0) | ||
| River/spring | 1 | ( 1.1) | 1 | ( 0.9) | ||
| Type of toilet | Flush | 74 | (84.1) | 0 | ( 0) | |
| Pit latrine | 13 | (14.8) | 109 | (98.2) | ||
| No toilet | 1 | ( 1.1) | 2 | ( 1.8) | ||
| Table 1: Characteristics of study children, mothers and households by study site | ||||||
| Port Moresby (n=89) | Nuku(n=112) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
| Nutritional status | ||||||
| Stunting (HAZ < -2) | 4 | (4.5) | 30 | (26.8) | 0.000 | |
| Underweight (WAZ < -2) | 2 | (2.2) | 10 | (8.9) | 0.042 | |
| Wasting (WHZ < -2) | 4 | (4.5) | 2 | (1.8) | 0.240 | |
| MUAC (<13.5 cm) | 24 | (27.0) | 25 | (22.3) | 0.275 | |
| Low birth weight (< 2,500g) | 7 | (8.1) | 7 | (8.3) | 0.591 | |
| Morbidity* | ||||||
| Diarrhoea | 21 | (23.9) | 9 | (8.3) | 0.002 | |
| Fever | 40 | (45.5) | 19 | (17.3) | 0.042 | |
| Cough | 55 | (62.5) | 33 | (30.0) | 0.000 | |
| Malaria | 1 | (1.1) | 0 | (0) | 0.444 | |
| Measles | 5 | (5.7) | 0 | (0) | 0.016 | |
| Acute Respiratory Infections | 9 | (10.2) | 7 | (6.2) | 0.232 | |
| *Disease history in the past 2 weeks for diarrhoea, fever and cough, and in the past for malaria, measles and Acute Respiratory Infections Table 2: Prevalence of undernutrition and morbidity among children in study site |
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| variables | Category | Port Moresby | Nuku | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Alcohol drinking | Every day | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
| 1-2 days/week | 3 | (3.3) | 0 | (0) | |
| 1-2 days/month | 11 | (12.3) | 1 | (0.9) | |
| Quit drinking | 6 | (6.7) | 0 | (0) | |
| Never/Hardly | 68 | (76.4) | 109 | (97.3) | |
| No answer | 1 | (1.1) | 2 | (1.8) | |
| Chewing betel nuts | ≥ 6 /day | 21 | (23.6) | 45 | (40.2) |
| 1-5/day | 19 | (21.3) | 14 | (12.5) | |
| Once/day | 5 | (5.6) | 5 | (4.5) | |
| Not every day | 20 | (22.5) | 19 | (17.0) | |
| Never | 23 | (25.8) | 27 | (24.1) | |
| No answer | 1 | (1.1) | 2 | (1.8) | |
| Smoking | Everyday | 7 | (7.9) | 23 | (20.5) |
| Sometimes | 7 | (7.9) | 9 | (8.0) | |
| No smoking | 73 | (82.0) | 78 | (69.6) | |
| No Answer | 2 | (2.2) | 2 | (1.8) | |
| Table 3: Characteristics of lifestyle habit among mothers by study site | |||||
| Mothers' BMI* | HAZ | WAZ | WHZ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POM | n | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |
| < 18.5 | 5 | -1.80 | (1.52) | -1.65 | (1.22) | -0.84 | ||
| 18.5-24.9 | 40 | 0.67 | (1.16) | -0.06 | (0.98) | -0.49 | ||
| 25.0-29.9 | 23 | 0.06 | (1.26) | 0.20 | (0.84) | 0.32 | ||
| 30.0 ≤ | 18 | 0.61 | (1.18) | 0.45 | (0.93) | 0.26 | ||
| F-test | 6.91, p=0.000 | 6.79, p=0.000 | 4.78, p=0.004 | |||||
| NUKU | n | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |
| < 18.5 | 12 | -1.79 | (0.62) | -1.43 | (0.62) | -0.55 | (0.63) | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 85 | -1.11 | (1.36) | -0.82 | (1.01) | -0.27 | (0.99) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 12 | -0.87 | (0.89) | -0.88 | (0.96) | -0.19 | (0.87) | |
| 30.0 ≤ | 2 | -1.20 | (0.65) | -0.58 | (0.62) | -0.18 | (0.35) | |
| F-test | 1.1, p=0.35 | 1.45, p=0.23 | 0.37, p=0.77 | |||||
| *Body Mass Index Table 4: Mean HAZ, WAZ and WHZ of children according to their mothers' BMI |
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| Age of months* |
Port Moresby | Nuku | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Stunting (HAZ<-2) | Underweight (WAZ<-2) | Wasting n (WHZ<-2) | n | Stunting (HAZ<-2) | Underweight (WAZ<-2) | Wasting n (WHZ<-2) | |
| < 6 months | 42 | 3 (7.1%) | 1 (2.4%) | 2 (4.8%) | 96 | 27 (28.1%) | 9 (9.4%) | 2 (2.1%) |
| ≥ 6 months | 37 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.7%) | 12 | 3 (25.0%) | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| *Age of months when a mother started giving foods to a child for the first time Table 5: Prevalence of under nutrition according to the timing of introducing the first food |
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