Figure 1: Effects of different doses of curcumin on LPS-mediated TNF-α secretion by RAW264.7 cells. Values represent a mean of three independent experiments. *Significant difference between control and experimental group at P < 0.05 level
Figure 2: Evaluation of serum IL-10 levels after curcumin treatment in LPS-induced endotoxaemia. Values represent a mean of three independent experiments. *Significant difference between control and experimental group at P < 0.05 level
Figure 3: Evaluation of serum IFN-g levels after curcumin treatment in LPS-induced endotoxaemia. Values represent a mean of three independent experiments. *Significant difference between control and experimental group at P < 0.05 level
Figure 4: Evaluation of serum IL-4 levels after curcumin treatment in LPS-induced endotoxaemia. Values represent a mean of three independent experiments. *Significant difference between control and experimental group at P < 0.05 level
Group
Absolute weight (g)
Relative weight (%)
Intact ear
Induced ear
Intact ear
Induced ear
Control
0.132 ± 0.012
0.182 ± 0.031
0.461 ± 0.051
0.617 ± 0.111
Sample #1
0.121 ± 0.008
0.141 ± 0.015*,**
0.444 ± 0.043
0.501 ± 0.067*,**
Sample #2
0.128 ± 0.015
0.175 ± 0.023*
0.460 ± 0.051
0.602 ± 0.098*
Sample #3
0.133 ± 0.011
0.161 ± 0.043*,**
0.464 ± 0.045
0.555 ± 0.089*
Sample #4
0.135 ± 0.014
0.171 ± 0.026*
0.461 ± 0.039
0.599 ± 0.102*
Sample #5
0.127 ± 0.011
0.173 ± 0.023*
0.471 ± 0.052
0.565 ± 0.087*
Mean ± SD (n=9). *Significant differences between intact and induced ear at P ≤ 0.05 level, ** Significant differences between control and experimental induced ear at P ≤ 0.05 level
Table 1: Effects of tested samples on changes in ear weight
Group
IL-6
IL-10
TNF-α
2 hrs
6 hrs
2 hrs
6 hrs
2 hrs
6 hrs
PBS
0
0
0
0
0
0
LPS
5,201 ± 626
244 ± 18
222.3 ± 18.2
52.3 ± 9.4
12,363 ± 1,017
393 ± 22.7
Curcumin C3
2,515 ± 232*
111 ± 12*
101.1 ± 10.1*
18.1 ± 3.3*
737 ± 39.9*
166 ± 15.1*
Sigma low
4,486 ± 365
201 ± 23
179.8 ± 19.3
47.2 ± 3.4
3.833 ± 474.2*
277 ± 22.9*
Sigma high
3,363 ± 323*
155 ± 25*
155.6 ± 13.9*
37.1 ± 3.5*
2,061 ± 199.3*
209 ± 11.8*
Sample 1
5,101 ± 477
223 ± 17
177.9 ± 20.3
39.9 ± 4.2
5,636 ± 636.3*
315 ± 37.8*
Sample 2
4,825 ± 399
228 ± 21
180.5 ± 18.9
35.6 ± 4.1*
4,282 ± 428.2*
299 ± 21.5*
Mean ± SD (n=9). *Significant differences between positive control (LPS) and curcumin treated groups at P ≤ 0.05 level
Table 2: Effects of tested samples on cytokine production
Sample
AST
ALT
ALP
(IU/L)
(IU/L)
(IU/L)
PBS
72.5 ± 5.2
19.1 ± 2.8
24.2 ± 2.1
CCL4
179.7 ± 13.2
177.6 ± 19.3
178.7 ± 15.7
Sample #1
73.9* ± 6.0
22.2* ± 4.1
31.1* ± 4.6
Sample #2
138.5* ± 9.8
51.5* ± 5.8
40.3* ± 4.4
Sample #3
81.5* ± 8.8
22.3* ± 4.9
27.0* ± 2.2
Sample #4
111.2* ± 9.9
70.2* ± 4.7
80.3* ± 8.3
Sample #5
92.2* ± 4.4
23.8* ± 3.3
28.6* ± 3.4
*Significant difference against CCL4 group at P ≤ 0.05 level
Table 3: Effects of tested samples on serum ALT, AST, and ALP
Sample
GSH
MDA
SOD
(μmol/mg protein)
(nmol/ mg protein)
(U/mg protein)
PBS
18.1 ± 1.2
8.7 ± 0.8
58.2 ± 6.1
CCL4
9.7 ± 0.9
77.6 ± 9.1
18.7 ± 1.5
Sample #1
23.0* ± 0.9
25.2* ± 9.6
40.4* ± 4.5
Sample #2
12.5 ± 1.7
59.4 ± 4.5
29.9* ± 2.5
Sample #3
13.5 ± 1.8
21.3* ± 2.1
20.1 ± 2.3
Sample #4
14.3* ± 1.1
15.2* ± 1.7
23.8 ± 3.3
Sample #5
10.9 ± 1.6
43.2* ± 4.3
38.8* ± 4.3
*Significant difference against CCL4 group at P ≤ 0.05 level
Table 4: Effects of tested samples on level of hepatic enzymes GSH, MDA and SOD