Figure 1: Mechanisms of Tissue Injury by Process of Cellular Ischemia and Reperfusion
Source: adaptaed by Pereira S, et al. in Metabolismo Celular e Exercício Físico: Aspectos Bioquimicos e Nutricionais, 2004 [22]
Source: Zacks, et al. An overview of chagasic cardiomyopathy: pathogenic importance of oxidative stress, 2005 [33]
Abbreviations: CAT (catalase); CI, CII, CIII, CIV, CV (respiratory chain complex I, II, III, IV, V); CO (cyclooxygenase); CuZnSOD (copper zinc superoxide dismutase); GSH (glutathione); GPx (glutathione peroxidase); GR (glutathione reductase); GST (glutathione S transferase); GSSG (glutathione disulfide); HNE (4 nonenal hydroxyl); iNOS (induced nitric oxide synthesis); LO (lipoxygenase); MDA (malondialdehyde); MnSOD (superoxide dismutase magnesi um); mtNOS (mitochondrial nitric oxide synthesis); NO (nitric oxide); MPO (myeloperoxidase); Oxy-P-450 (P450-dependent oxygenations); XO (xanthine oxidase); XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase); XOR (xanthine oxidoreductase); LPO (lipid peroxidation); PRX; ROOH (alkyl hydroxides)
Legend: pink boxes: formation mechanism of EROS/blue boxes: enzymes and non-enzyme antioxidant
Figure 2: Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Protection
Source: Mcardle, et al. Nutricao para o desporto e exercício, 2001 [38]
Figure 3: Dietary recommendations for physically active people
Non enzymatic
Enzymatic
Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol)
Superoxide Dismutase
Beta-Carotene (Precursor Of Vitamin A)
Catalase
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
NADPH Quinone Oxidoreductase
Flavonoids
Glutathione Peroxidase
Plasma Proteins
Repair Enzymes
Selenium
Glutathione
Chlorophyllin
L-Cysteine
Curcumin
Source: Bianchi, et al. Radicais livres e os principais antioxidantes da dieta, 1999 [7]
Table 1: Main Defense Antioxidant Agents
Energetic Value
2000 kcal - 8400 kJ
Carbohydrates
300 grams
Protein
75 grams
Total Fat
55 grams
Saturated Fat
22 grams
Dietary Fiber
25 grams
Sodium
2400 milligrams
Source: BRASIL, RDC 360 of 23/12/03
Table 2: Nutrient reference values for Brazilians